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The R&D Tax Credit,
dollar for dollar.

A federal (and most state) tax credit — not a deduction — for any business that designs, builds, improves, or engineers. Capture up to 3 prior open tax years.

6%–10%
of qualified expenses, typical credit
3 Years
Open look-back window
Permanent
Made permanent by 2015 PATH Act

A brief history

Forty-three years of incentive. Now permanent.

The R&D Tax Credit was created by the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 under President Reagan to keep U.S. innovation onshore.

For decades it was a temporary provision — renewed by Congress 16 separate times across multiple administrations.

In December 2015, the PATH Act made the credit permanent, and expanded it to allow small businesses to apply the credit against payroll taxes — a game-changer for pre-revenue startups.

Today it's one of the most under-claimed credits in the code: only ~33% of eligible businesses claim it.

What the credit actually is

A credit, not a deduction — and that distinction is worth millions.

The credit allows businesses to offset their tax liability — dollar-for-dollar — based on qualified research expenses (QREs).

Dollar-for-Dollar

A $100K credit reduces your tax liability by $100K. Not your taxable income — your tax bill directly.

Credit vs. Deduction

A $100K deduction at a 30% rate saves $30K. A $100K credit saves $100K. The credit is ~3x more valuable.

Federal + State Stack

The federal credit is just the start. Most states layer their own R&D credit on top — California, NY, Massachusetts, Texas, and many more.

The main components

Qualified Research Expenses include:

  • Employee wages

    for time spent on R&D.

  • Supplies

    consumed during research.

  • Contract research

    65% of amounts paid to third parties.

  • Cloud computing costs

    used for R&D (added in recent years).

Who qualifies

Far more industries qualify than people realize.

Software & Technology
Manufacturing
Engineering / AEC
Life Sciences & Pharma
Food & Beverage
Healthcare & Med Devices
Energy & Cleantech
Automotive & Aerospace
Agriculture & AgTech

The four-part test

Every qualifying activity passes all four.

01
Permitted Purpose

The activity must be intended to create or improve a product, process, formula, technique, invention, or software — improving functionality, performance, reliability, or quality.

02
Technological in Nature

The activity must rely on the principles of a hard science: engineering, computer science, biology, chemistry, or physics.

03
Elimination of Uncertainty

At the start of the project, there must be technical uncertainty as to the capability, methodology, or appropriate design of the result.

04
Process of Experimentation

The work must involve a systematic process of evaluating alternatives — modeling, simulation, trial and error, or scientific method.

R&D credit calculator

Plug in your numbers. See the credit instantly.

Company

2025 Qualified Research Expenses

Gross Receipts — Prior Years

Estimated R&D credit

Wages$0
Supplies$0
Contract (65%)$0
Total QREs$0
Method
Base Amount$0

Federal Credit

$0

State Credit Estimate

$0

Total Estimated Credit

$0

Estimate uses Alternative Simplified Credit (ASC) or Startup method as appropriate. A formal study refines this with actual prior-year QREs.

Our process

Five steps. Audit-ready credit.

  1. 01
    Free Preliminary Review

    We analyze your activities at no cost and confirm the credit opportunity is real before any engagement.

  2. 02
    Technical Activity Review

    We interview your engineers, developers, and technical staff to document every qualified project and uncertainty resolved.

  3. 03
    QRE Calculation

    We calculate qualified research expenses: wages, supplies, contract research (65% rule), and cloud computing.

  4. 04
    Credit Delivery

    We deliver the federal credit calculation, state credit (where applicable), and form-ready figures to your CPA.

  5. 05
    Audit Protection

    IRS-ready technical narratives, contemporaneous documentation, and full audit defense — included.

Free technical review. No engagement until we confirm savings.

A 30-minute call with one of our sales leaders — by the end you'll know whether your activities qualify and roughly how much credit is on the table.

Request Free Review
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IncentTax is a tax engineering firm; we deliver studies and reports. We do not provide legal, accounting, or tax advice. Engage your CPA and counsel before filing.